Acute myeloid leukaemia with MECOM rearrangement
Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)
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editContent Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition ClassificationThis page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at HAEM4:Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2);GATA2, MECOM.
(General Instructions – The focus of these pages is the clinically significant genetic alterations in each disease type. This is based on up-to-date knowledge from multiple resources such as PubMed and the WHO classification books. The CCGA is meant to be a supplemental resource to the WHO classification books; the CCGA captures in a continually updated wiki-stye manner the current genetics/genomics knowledge of each disease, which evolves more rapidly than books can be revised and published. If the same disease is described in multiple WHO classification books, the genetics-related information for that disease will be consolidated into a single main page that has this template (other pages would only contain a link to this main page). Use HUGO-approved gene names and symbols (italicized when appropriate), HGVS-based nomenclature for variants, as well as generic names of drugs and testing platforms or assays if applicable. Please complete tables whenever possible and do not delete them (add N/A if not applicable in the table and delete the examples); to add (or move) a row or column in a table, click nearby within the table and select the > symbol that appears. Please do not delete or alter the section headings. The use of bullet points alongside short blocks of text rather than only large paragraphs is encouraged. Additional instructions below in italicized blue text should not be included in the final page content. Please also see Author_Instructions and FAQs as well as contact your Associate Editor or Technical Support.)
Primary Author(s)*
Gordana Raca MD PhD, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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WHO Classification of Disease
| Structure | Disease |
|---|---|
| Book | Haematolymphoid Tumours (5th ed.) |
| Category | Myeloid proliferations and neoplasms |
| Family | Acute myeloid leukaemia |
| Type | Acute myeloid leukaemia with defining genetic abnormalities |
| Subtype(s) | Acute myeloid leukaemia with MECOM rearrangement |
WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria
(Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book autocompleted; remove any non-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.)
| WHO Essential Criteria (Genetics)* | |
| WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)* | |
| Other Classification |
*Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the WHO Classification of Tumours.
Related Terminology
(Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO autocompleted.)
| Acceptable | |
| Not Recommended |
Gene Rearrangements
Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: Details on clinical significance such as prognosis and other important information can be provided in the notes section. Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)
| Driver Gene | Fusion(s) and Common Partner Genes | Molecular Pathogenesis | Typical Chromosomal Alteration(s) | Prevalence -Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) | Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T | Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) | Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE: ABL1 | EXAMPLE: BCR::ABL1 | EXAMPLE: The pathogenic derivative is the der(22) resulting in fusion of 5’ BCR and 3’ABL1. | EXAMPLE: t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) | EXAMPLE: Common (CML) | EXAMPLE: D, P, T | EXAMPLE: Yes (WHO, NCCN) | EXAMPLE:
The t(9;22) is diagnostic of CML in the appropriate morphology and clinical context (add reference). This fusion is responsive to targeted therapy such as Imatinib (Gleevec) (add reference). BCR::ABL1 is generally favorable in CML (add reference). |
| EXAMPLE: CIC | EXAMPLE: CIC::DUX4 | EXAMPLE: Typically, the last exon of CIC is fused to DUX4. The fusion breakpoint in CIC is usually intra-exonic and removes an inhibitory sequence, upregulating PEA3 genes downstream of CIC including ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5. | EXAMPLE: t(4;19)(q25;q13) | EXAMPLE: Common (CIC-rearranged sarcoma) | EXAMPLE: D | EXAMPLE:
DUX4 has many homologous genes; an alternate translocation in a minority of cases is t(10;19), but this is usually indistinguishable from t(4;19) by short-read sequencing (add references). | |
| EXAMPLE: ALK | EXAMPLE: ELM4::ALK
|
EXAMPLE: Fusions result in constitutive activation of the ALK tyrosine kinase. The most common ALK fusion is EML4::ALK, with breakpoints in intron 19 of ALK. At the transcript level, a variable (5’) partner gene is fused to 3’ ALK at exon 20. Rarely, ALK fusions contain exon 19 due to breakpoints in intron 18. | EXAMPLE: N/A | EXAMPLE: Rare (Lung adenocarcinoma) | EXAMPLE: T | EXAMPLE:
Both balanced and unbalanced forms are observed by FISH (add references). | |
| EXAMPLE: ABL1 | EXAMPLE: N/A | EXAMPLE: Intragenic deletion of exons 2–7 in EGFR removes the ligand-binding domain, resulting in a constitutively active tyrosine kinase with downstream activation of multiple oncogenic pathways. | EXAMPLE: N/A | EXAMPLE: Recurrent (IDH-wildtype Glioblastoma) | EXAMPLE: D, P, T | ||
editv4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
- Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
- Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
- Characteristic Chromosomal Patterns
- Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)
Diagnostic: The presence of inv(3)/t(3;3) defines a cytogenetic subtype of AML, however in the current WHO 2017 classification does not allow to make a diagnosis of AML if blast percentage <20%. Very poor prognosis and rapid progression of MDS with inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) resulted in a proposal to consider neoplasms with these rearrangements as an AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities, irrespective of blast percentage.
BCR-ABL1 positive patients with CML and concomitant MECOM rearrangement are considered in an aggressive phase of CML (Accelerated Phase) rather than de novo AML with inv(3)/t(3;3)
Prognostic: The inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) is associated with a dismal prognosis in both AML and MDS. Review of 6515 adult patients with newly diagnosed AML enrolled in prospective European trials showed 5-year OS of only 5.7% +/- 3 for AML with inv(3)/t(3;3), with the median survival os 10.3 months. This adverse prognostic impact of inv(3)/t(3;3) appears to be further enhanced by additional monosomy 7 and/or complex karyotype. Similarly, the prognosis of MDS with inv(3)/t(3;3) is also poor, and the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for MDS includes inv(3)/t(3;3) among its poor risk cytogenetic abnormalities[1][2].
Therapeutic: AML with inv(3)(q21q26.2) or t(3;3) (q21;q26.2) is an aggressive disease with short survival, in need for novel and more efficient treatments. Some studies have shown that arsenic trioxide induces targeted specific degradation of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 oncoprotein, and an isolated case report described good response to Arsenic trioxide and thalidomide combination in a patient with MDS with inv(3)[3][4].
End of V4 Section
Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: Includes aberrations not involving gene rearrangements. Details on clinical significance such as prognosis and other important information can be provided in the notes section. Can refer to CGC workgroup tables as linked on the homepage if applicable. Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)
| Chr # | Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH | Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size] | Relevant Gene(s) | Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T | Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) | Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE:
7 |
EXAMPLE: Loss | EXAMPLE:
chr7 |
EXAMPLE:
Unknown |
EXAMPLE: D, P | EXAMPLE: No | EXAMPLE:
Presence of monosomy 7 (or 7q deletion) is sufficient for a diagnosis of AML with MDS-related changes when there is ≥20% blasts and no prior therapy (add reference). Monosomy 7/7q deletion is associated with a poor prognosis in AML (add references). |
| EXAMPLE:
8 |
EXAMPLE: Gain | EXAMPLE:
chr8 |
EXAMPLE:
Unknown |
EXAMPLE: D, P | EXAMPLE:
Common recurrent secondary finding for t(8;21) (add references). | |
| EXAMPLE:
17 |
EXAMPLE: Amp | EXAMPLE:
17q12; chr17:39,700,064-39,728,658 [hg38; 28.6 kb] |
EXAMPLE:
ERBB2 |
EXAMPLE: D, P, T | EXAMPLE:
Amplification of ERBB2 is associated with HER2 overexpression in HER2 positive breast cancer (add references). Add criteria for how amplification is defined. | |
editv4:Genomic Gain/Loss/LOHThe content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.
Put your text here.
End of V4 Section
Characteristic Chromosomal or Other Global Mutational Patterns
Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: Included in this category are alterations such as hyperdiploid; gain of odd number chromosomes including typically chromosome 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 17; co-deletion of 1p and 19q; complex karyotypes without characteristic genetic findings; chromothripsis; microsatellite instability; homologous recombination deficiency; mutational signature pattern; etc. Details on clinical significance such as prognosis and other important information can be provided in the notes section. Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)
| Chromosomal Pattern | Molecular Pathogenesis | Prevalence -
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) |
Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T | Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) | Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE:
Co-deletion of 1p and 18q |
EXAMPLE: See chromosomal rearrangements table as this pattern is due to an unbalanced derivative translocation associated with oligodendroglioma (add reference). | EXAMPLE: Common (Oligodendroglioma) | EXAMPLE: D, P | ||
| EXAMPLE:
Microsatellite instability - hypermutated |
EXAMPLE: Common (Endometrial carcinoma) | EXAMPLE: P, T | |||
editv4:Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / PatternsThe content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.
Monosomy 7 is the most common associated (secondary) cytogenetic abnormality (in ~66% of cases), and appears to further contribute to the adverse prognosis of the inv(3q)/t(3;3) abnormality[1][2]. Complex karyotypes Deletion 5q
End of V4 Section
Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)
Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: This table is not meant to be an exhaustive list; please include only genes/alterations that are recurrent or common as well either disease defining and/or clinically significant. If a gene has multiple mechanisms depending on the type or site of the alteration, add multiple entries in the table. For clinical significance, denote associations with FDA-approved therapy (not an extensive list of applicable drugs) and NCCN or other national guidelines if applicable; Can also refer to CGC workgroup tables as linked on the homepage if applicable as well as any high impact papers or reviews of gene mutations in this entity. Details on clinical significance such as prognosis and other important information such as concomitant and mutually exclusive mutations can be provided in the notes section. Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)
| Gene | Genetic Alteration | Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other | Prevalence -
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) |
Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T | Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) | Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE:EGFR
|
EXAMPLE: Exon 18-21 activating mutations | EXAMPLE: Oncogene | EXAMPLE: Common (lung cancer) | EXAMPLE: T | EXAMPLE: Yes (NCCN) | EXAMPLE: Exons 18, 19, and 21 mutations are targetable for therapy. Exon 20 T790M variants cause resistance to first generation TKI therapy and are targetable by second and third generation TKIs (add references). |
| EXAMPLE: TP53; Variable LOF mutations
|
EXAMPLE: Variable LOF mutations | EXAMPLE: Tumor Supressor Gene | EXAMPLE: Common (breast cancer) | EXAMPLE: P | EXAMPLE: >90% are somatic; rare germline alterations associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (add reference). Denotes a poor prognosis in breast cancer. | |
| EXAMPLE: BRAF; Activating mutations | EXAMPLE: Activating mutations | EXAMPLE: Oncogene | EXAMPLE: Common (melanoma) | EXAMPLE: T | ||
Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in cBioportal, COSMIC, and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
editv4:Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.
Secondary mutations are found in all AML cases with inv(3) ot t(3;3). Mutations in genes activating RAS/TK signaling pathway are the most common mutation.
NRAS (~30%), PTPN11(11%), FLT3 (13%) and KRAS (11%), as well as GATA2 (15%) , RUNX1 (12%) and NF1 (9%) , CBL (7%) , KIT (2%)[5]. CBL mutation is found often with concomitant GATA2 mutation.
Other Mutations
| Type | Gene/Region/Other |
|---|---|
| Concomitant Mutations | GATA2, CBL |
| Secondary Mutations | |
| Mutually Exclusive |
End of V4 Section
Epigenomic Alterations
Put your text here
Genes and Main Pathways Involved
Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)
| Gene; Genetic Alteration | Pathway | Pathophysiologic Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE: BRAF and MAP2K1; Activating mutations | EXAMPLE: MAPK signaling | EXAMPLE: Increased cell growth and proliferation |
| EXAMPLE: CDKN2A; Inactivating mutations | EXAMPLE: Cell cycle regulation | EXAMPLE: Unregulated cell division |
| EXAMPLE: KMT2C and ARID1A; Inactivating mutations | EXAMPLE: Histone modification, chromatin remodeling | EXAMPLE: Abnormal gene expression program |
editv4:Genes and Main Pathways InvolvedThe content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.
The MECOM (MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus) gene in 3q26.3 is the key gene implicated in pathogenesis of AML with inv(3)/t(3;3). MECOM codes for several differentially spliced transcripts: MDS1-EVI1, MDS1 and EVI1. It consequently yields the MDS1-EVI1 [1239 amino acids (AA)], MDS1 (188AA) and EVI1 (1051AA) protein isoforms. While EVI1 deregulated expression has been reported to be critical in stem cell self-renewal and leukaemogenesis, the roles of MDS1 and MDS1-EVI1 in haematological malignancies remain unclear[6].
EVI1 is a zinc-finger nuclear transcription factor involved in many signaling pathways. It binds DNA through specific conserved sequences, interacts with a number of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators (CREBBP, CTBP, HDAC, KAT2B (P/CAF), SMAD3, GATA1, GATA2, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B), and mediates chromatin modifications and DNA hypermethylation. EVI1 plays a role in embryogenesis and its deficiency in mice is an embryonic lethal mutation. Among the many other observed defects, EVI1-/- mouse embryos have been shown to have defects in both the development and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It appears that depending on its binding partners, EVI1 can act as a transcriptional activator to promote the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (eg, when bound to GATA2) or as a transcriptional repressor inhibiting erythroid differentiation (eg, when bound to GATA1)[6].
Changes at mRNA level: EVI1 proto-oncogene has early on been identified as aberrantly upregulated in almost all AML cases with inv(3) and t(3;3). Aberrant EVI1 expression is also found in a majority of AML patients with other 3q26 abnormalities and even in patients with myeloid leukemia and a normal karyotype, suggesting that inappropriate activation of this gene occurs through various mechanisms[7][8][9], but invariably confers an adverse prognosis. Interestingly, the breakpoints in chromosomal rearrangements that lead to EVI1 activation in AML with inv(3)/t(3;3) were shown to occur either 5' of the gene in the t(3;3) or 3' of the gene in the inv(3)[7]. It has long been thought that activation of EVI1 in malignant hematopoietic cells occurs by juxtaposition of the gene to enhancer elements of the housekeeping ribophorin gene located at 3q21. However, several groups have recently described a novel molecular mechanism by which the inv(3)/t(3;3) re-positions a distal GATA2 enhancer to activate MECOM expression, and simultaneously confer GATA2 functional haploinsufficiency[10][11]. This mechanism presents a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of MDS/AML.
Changes at protein level: The inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) results in upregulation of the MECOM gene and increased levels of the EVI1 protein, but does not produce abnormal gene and protein fusions.
Key cellular pathways: EVI1 has been shown to be involved in multiple downstream signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling (where EVI1 prevents transcription of the TGF-β induced anti-growth genes ) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling (where EVI1 prevents phosphorylation and activation of key transcription factors for the apoptotic response).
End of V4 Section
Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods
- Karyotype: Inv(3) and t(3;3) can typically be detected by routine karyotype analysis, although the inversion may be challenging to identify in the cases with poor morphology.
- FISH: EVI1 break-apart FISH probe is commercially available and FISH testing is offered clinically by most clinical cytogenetic laboratories.
Familial Forms
Put your text here (Instructions: Include associated hereditary conditions/syndromes that cause this entity or are caused by this entity.)
Additional Information
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Links
Up To Date Cytogenetics in AML
References
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- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Rogers, Heesun J.; et al. (2014). "Complex or monosomal karyotype and not blast percentage is associated with poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patients with inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2): a Bone Marrow Pathology Group study". Haematologica. 99 (5): 821–829. doi:10.3324/haematol.2013.096420. ISSN 1592-8721. PMC 4008101. PMID 24463215.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Lugthart, Sanne; et al. (2010). "Clinical, molecular, and prognostic significance of WHO type inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) and various other 3q abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia". Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 28 (24): 3890–3898. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.2771. ISSN 1527-7755. PMID 20660833.
- ↑ Shackelford, David; et al. (2006). "Targeted degradation of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 oncoprotein by arsenic trioxide". Cancer Research. 66 (23): 11360–11369. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1774. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 17145882.
- ↑ Raza, Azra; et al. (2004). "Arsenic trioxide and thalidomide combination produces multi-lineage hematological responses in myelodysplastic syndromes patients, particularly in those with high pre-therapy EVI1 expression". Leukemia Research. 28 (8): 791–803. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2003.11.018. ISSN 0145-2126. PMID 15203277.
- ↑ Haferlach, C.; et al. (2011). "The inv(3)(q21q26)/t(3;3)(q21;q26) is frequently accompanied by alterations of the RUNX1, KRAS and NRAS and NF1 genes and mediates adverse prognosis both in MDS and in AML: a study in 39 cases of MDS or AML". Leukemia. 25 (5): 874–877. doi:10.1038/leu.2011.5. ISSN 1476-5551. PMID 21283084.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Wieser, Rotraud (2007). "The oncogene and developmental regulator EVI1: expression, biochemical properties, and biological functions". Gene. 396 (2): 346–357. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.012. ISSN 0378-1119. PMID 17507183.
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Morishita, K.; et al. (1992). "Activation of EVI1 gene expression in human acute myelogenous leukemias by translocations spanning 300-400 kilobases on chromosome band 3q26". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (9): 3937–3941. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3937. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 525606. PMID 1570317.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
- ↑ Russell, M.; et al. (1994). "Expression of EVI1 in myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematologic malignancies without 3q26 translocations". Blood. 84 (4): 1243–1248. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 8049440.
- ↑ Langabeer, S. E.; et al. (2001). "EVI1 expression in acute myeloid leukaemia". British Journal of Haematology. 112 (1): 208–211. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02569.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 11167805.
- ↑ Gröschel, Stefan; et al. (2014). "A single oncogenic enhancer rearrangement causes concomitant EVI1 and GATA2 deregulation in leukemia". Cell. 157 (2): 369–381. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.019. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 24703711.
- ↑ Yamazaki, Hiromi; et al. (2014). "A remote GATA2 hematopoietic enhancer drives leukemogenesis in inv(3)(q21;q26) by activating EVI1 expression". Cancer Cell. 25 (4): 415–427. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.008. ISSN 1878-3686. PMC 4012341. PMID 24703906.
Notes
*Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the CCGA coordinators (contact information provided on the homepage). Additional global feedback or concerns are also welcome.
Edited by: Fabiola Quintero-Rivera 8/3/2018
*Citation of this Page: “Acute myeloid leukaemia with MECOM rearrangement”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated 02/11/2025, https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_myeloid_leukaemia_with_MECOM_rearrangement.