HAEM4:Myeloid Proliferations Associated with Down Syndrome

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Primary Author(s)*

Patricia T. Greipp. D.O.

General Disease Overview / Description of Cancer Category

Children with Down syndrome (DS), or constitutional trisomy 21 (OMIM #190685), harbor an increased risk (up to 150-fold over and above that for individuals without DS) for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (DS-ML) and an increased risk extends into adulthood. Newborns with Down syndrome have a predisposition for the development of a unique myeloproliferative disorder called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) which can be difficult to differentiate from AML and resolves spontaneously, usually in less than three months. However, a subset of these individuals go on to develop AML (20-30%) within one to three years. Both of these entities (DS-ML and TAM) are recognized in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues as “Myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome”[1].

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Additional Information

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) associated with Down syndrome occurs in 10% of neonates, usually within the first 3-7 days of life[2][3], but since some patients are asymptomatic, the incidence is believed to be higher. Characteristically, leukocytosis with thrombocytopenia is present as well as circulating blasts, while bone marrow demonstrates megakaryocytic proliferation and basophilia[1]. Clinical features can include hepatosplenomegaly, plural or cardiac effusions, skin rash and organ failure. Acquired mutations in the GATA1 gene on the X chromosome (97% in exon 3 and the remainder in exon 3.1) were described in 2002 and are known to occur prenatally while hematopoiesis is active in the fetal liver[4]. The resultant truncated protein promotes megakaryocytic proliferation. GATA1 mutations are present in the blast cells of all cases of TAM and DS-ML and are recognized as pathognomonic. Upon spontaneous resolution of TAM, the GATA1 mutated cells undergo clonal extinction. However, full clonal extinction may not occur and the acquisition of secondary mutations (particularly in EZH2, CTCF, KANKSL1, SH2B3 and RAS pathway genes and sometimes JAK1, JAK2, JAK3) lead to manifestation of DS-ML[5]. DS-ML usually presents with a low leukocyte count, and pancytopenia is common with megakaryocytic blasts. However, the classic translocation associated with sporadic acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL), t(1;22) with fusion of RBM15-MKL1, is not present. Monosomy 7 is also rare. Commonly acquired cytogenetic abnormalities in DS-ML include trisomy 8, 1q duplication, and 16q deletion[6]. Also in counterdistinction to AML in children without Down syndrome (particularly children <5 years of age), the clinical outcome for children with DS-ML with GATA1 mutation is favorable. These children should be treated with and adjusted chemotherapeutic regimen for AML. The outlook for children with DS-ML who relapse is poor[6].


Natural history and pathogenesis of TAM and ML-DS (Bhatnagar, et al. 2016).jpg Natural History and Pathogenesis of TAM and ML-DS[7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Arber DA, et al., (2017). Myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p169-170.
  2. ↑ Zipursky, A.; et al. (1997). "Leukemia and/or myeloproliferative syndrome in neonates with Down syndrome". Seminars in Perinatology. 21 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80025-0. ISSN 0146-0005. PMID 9190039.
  3. ↑ Klusmann, Jan-Henning; et al. (2008). "Treatment and prognostic impact of transient leukemia in neonates with Down syndrome". Blood. 111 (6): 2991–2998. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-118810. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 2265448. PMID 18182574.
  4. ↑ Wechsler, Joshua; et al. (2002). "Acquired mutations in GATA1 in the megakaryoblastic leukemia of Down syndrome". Nature Genetics. 32 (1): 148–152. doi:10.1038/ng955. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 12172547.
  5. ↑ Cantor, Alan B. (2015). "Myeloid Proliferations Associated with Down Syndrome". Journal of Hematopathology. 8 (3): 169–176. doi:10.1007/s12308-014-0225-0. ISSN 1868-9256. PMC 4704699. PMID 26753010.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Blink, Marjolein; et al. (2012). "High frequency of copy number alterations in myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome". British Journal of Haematology. 158 (6): 800–803. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09224.x. ISSN 1365-2141. PMID 22775985.
  7. ↑ Bhatnagar, Neha; et al. (2016). "Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis and AML in Down Syndrome: an Update". Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports. 11 (5): 333–341. doi:10.1007/s11899-016-0338-x. ISSN 1558-822X. PMC 5031718. PMID 27510823.

Notes

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