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|Array findings characteristic of higher grade tumors when histology supports lower grade may suggest increased likelihood of recurrence.  Polysomy,  particularly involving chromosome 5, are seen in angiomatous meningiomas. LOH 1p and/or LOH 1p/14q correlated with anaplastic transformation.
 
|Array findings characteristic of higher grade tumors when histology supports lower grade may suggest increased likelihood of recurrence.  Polysomy,  particularly involving chromosome 5, are seen in angiomatous meningiomas. LOH 1p and/or LOH 1p/14q correlated with anaplastic transformation.
 
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49">{{Cite journal|last=Och|first=Waldemar|last2=Szmuda|first2=Tomasz|last3=Sikorska|first3=Beata|last4=Springer|first4=Janusz|last5=Jaskólski|first5=Dariusz|last6=Zakrzewska|first6=Magdalena|last7=Liberski|first7=Paweł P.|date=2016-11-XX|title=Recurrence-associated chromosomal anomalies in meningiomas: Single-institution study and a systematic review with meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27575681|journal=Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska|volume=50|issue=6|pages=439–448|doi=10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.08.003|issn=0028-3843|pmid=27575681}}</ref>PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yohan|last2=Liu|first2=Jason|last3=Patel|first3=Shilpa|last4=Cloughesy|first4=Timothy|last5=Lai|first5=Albert|last6=Farooqi|first6=Haumith|last7=Seligson|first7=David|last8=Dong|first8=Jun|last9=Liau|first9=Linda|date=2010-07|title=Genomic landscape of meningiomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20015288|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=20|issue=4|pages=751–762|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00356.x|issn=1750-3639|pmc=3167483|pmid=20015288}}</ref>PMID:20015288 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jansen|first=M.|last2=Mohapatra|first2=G.|last3=Betensky|first3=R. A.|last4=Keohane|first4=C.|last5=Louis|first5=D. N.|date=2012-04|title=Gain of chromosome arm 1q in atypical meningioma correlates with shorter progression-free survival|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21988727|journal=Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=213–219|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01222.x|issn=1365-2990|pmc=3563294|pmid=21988727}}</ref>PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51">{{Cite journal|last=Gabeau-Lacet|first=Darlene|last2=Engler|first2=David|last3=Gupta|first3=Sumeet|last4=Scangas|first4=George A.|last5=Betensky|first5=Rebecca A.|last6=Barker|first6=Fred G.|last7=Loeffler|first7=Jay S.|last8=Louis|first8=David N.|last9=Mohapatra|first9=Gayatry|date=2009-10|title=Genomic profiling of atypical meningiomas associates gain of 1q with poor clinical outcome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19918127|journal=Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology|volume=68|issue=10|pages=1155–1165|doi=10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181ba3952|issn=1554-6578|pmc=2847373|pmid=19918127}}</ref>PMID19918127; <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak S.|last2=Merrill|first2=Parker H.|last3=Bi|first3=Wenya Linda|last4=Jones|first4=Robert T.|last5=Listewnik|first5=Marc L.|last6=Ramkissoon|first6=Shakti H.|last7=Thorner|first7=Aaron R.|last8=Dunn|first8=Ian F.|last9=Beroukhim|first9=Rameen|date=2014-11-15|title=Angiomatous meningiomas have a distinct genetic profile with multiple chromosomal polysomies including polysomy of chromosome 5|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25347344|journal=Oncotarget|volume=5|issue=21|pages=10596–10606|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.2517|issn=1949-2553|pmc=4279396|pmid=25347344}}</ref>PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53">{{Cite journal|last=Brastianos|first=Priscilla K.|last2=Horowitz|first2=Peleg M.|last3=Santagata|first3=Sandro|last4=Jones|first4=Robert T.|last5=McKenna|first5=Aaron|last6=Getz|first6=Gad|last7=Ligon|first7=Keith L.|last8=Palescandolo|first8=Emanuele|last9=Van Hummelen|first9=Paul|date=2013-03|title=Genomic sequencing of meningiomas identifies oncogenic SMO and AKT1 mutations|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23334667|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=45|issue=3|pages=285–289|doi=10.1038/ng.2526|issn=1546-1718|pmc=3739288|pmid=23334667}}</ref>PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak S.|last2=Bi|first2=Wenya Linda|last3=Merrill|first3=Parker H.|last4=Gibson|first4=William J.|last5=Rose|first5=Matthew F.|last6=Du|first6=Ziming|last7=Francis|first7=Joshua M.|last8=Du|first8=Rose|last9=Dunn|first9=Ian F.|date=2015-06|title=ARID1A and TERT promoter mutations in dedifferentiated meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25963524|journal=Cancer Genetics|volume=208|issue=6|pages=345–350|doi=10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.03.005|issn=2210-7762|pmc=4882906|pmid=25963524}}</ref>PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak|last2=Bi|first2=Wenya Linda|last3=Aizer|first3=Ayal A.|last4=Merrill|first4=Parker H.|last5=Brewster|first5=Ryan|last6=Agarwalla|first6=Pankaj K.|last7=Listewnik|first7=Marc L.|last8=Dias-Santagata|first8=Dora|last9=Thorner|first9=Aaron R.|date=2016-05|title=Oncogenic PI3K mutations are as common as AKT1 and SMO mutations in meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26826201|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=18|issue=5|pages=649–655|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nov316|issn=1523-5866|pmc=4827048|pmid=26826201}}</ref>PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56">{{Cite journal|last=Harmancı|first=Akdes Serin|last2=Youngblood|first2=Mark W.|last3=Clark|first3=Victoria E.|last4=Coşkun|first4=Süleyman|last5=Henegariu|first5=Octavian|last6=Duran|first6=Daniel|last7=Erson-Omay|first7=E. Zeynep|last8=Kaulen|first8=Leon D.|last9=Lee|first9=Tong Ihn|date=2017-02-14|title=Integrated genomic analyses of de novo pathways underlying atypical meningiomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28195122|journal=Nature Communications|volume=8|pages=14433|doi=10.1038/ncomms14433|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5316884|pmid=28195122}}</ref>PMID:28195122; <ref name=":57">{{Cite journal|last=Aizer|first=Ayal A.|last2=Abedalthagafi|first2=Malak|last3=Bi|first3=Wenya Linda|last4=Horvath|first4=Margaret C.|last5=Arvold|first5=Nils D.|last6=Al-Mefty|first6=Ossama|last7=Lee|first7=Eudocia Q.|last8=Nayak|first8=Lakshmi|last9=Rinne|first9=Mikael L.|date=2016-02|title=A prognostic cytogenetic scoring system to guide the adjuvant management of patients with atypical meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26323607|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=18|issue=2|pages=269–274|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nov177|issn=1523-5866|pmc=4724184|pmid=26323607}}</ref>PMID:26323607;  
 
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49">{{Cite journal|last=Och|first=Waldemar|last2=Szmuda|first2=Tomasz|last3=Sikorska|first3=Beata|last4=Springer|first4=Janusz|last5=Jaskólski|first5=Dariusz|last6=Zakrzewska|first6=Magdalena|last7=Liberski|first7=Paweł P.|date=2016-11-XX|title=Recurrence-associated chromosomal anomalies in meningiomas: Single-institution study and a systematic review with meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27575681|journal=Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska|volume=50|issue=6|pages=439–448|doi=10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.08.003|issn=0028-3843|pmid=27575681}}</ref>PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yohan|last2=Liu|first2=Jason|last3=Patel|first3=Shilpa|last4=Cloughesy|first4=Timothy|last5=Lai|first5=Albert|last6=Farooqi|first6=Haumith|last7=Seligson|first7=David|last8=Dong|first8=Jun|last9=Liau|first9=Linda|date=2010-07|title=Genomic landscape of meningiomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20015288|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=20|issue=4|pages=751–762|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00356.x|issn=1750-3639|pmc=3167483|pmid=20015288}}</ref>PMID:20015288 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jansen|first=M.|last2=Mohapatra|first2=G.|last3=Betensky|first3=R. A.|last4=Keohane|first4=C.|last5=Louis|first5=D. N.|date=2012-04|title=Gain of chromosome arm 1q in atypical meningioma correlates with shorter progression-free survival|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21988727|journal=Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=213–219|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01222.x|issn=1365-2990|pmc=3563294|pmid=21988727}}</ref>PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51">{{Cite journal|last=Gabeau-Lacet|first=Darlene|last2=Engler|first2=David|last3=Gupta|first3=Sumeet|last4=Scangas|first4=George A.|last5=Betensky|first5=Rebecca A.|last6=Barker|first6=Fred G.|last7=Loeffler|first7=Jay S.|last8=Louis|first8=David N.|last9=Mohapatra|first9=Gayatry|date=2009-10|title=Genomic profiling of atypical meningiomas associates gain of 1q with poor clinical outcome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19918127|journal=Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology|volume=68|issue=10|pages=1155–1165|doi=10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181ba3952|issn=1554-6578|pmc=2847373|pmid=19918127}}</ref>PMID19918127; <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak S.|last2=Merrill|first2=Parker H.|last3=Bi|first3=Wenya Linda|last4=Jones|first4=Robert T.|last5=Listewnik|first5=Marc L.|last6=Ramkissoon|first6=Shakti H.|last7=Thorner|first7=Aaron R.|last8=Dunn|first8=Ian F.|last9=Beroukhim|first9=Rameen|date=2014-11-15|title=Angiomatous meningiomas have a distinct genetic profile with multiple chromosomal polysomies including polysomy of chromosome 5|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25347344|journal=Oncotarget|volume=5|issue=21|pages=10596–10606|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.2517|issn=1949-2553|pmc=4279396|pmid=25347344}}</ref>PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53">{{Cite journal|last=Brastianos|first=Priscilla K.|last2=Horowitz|first2=Peleg M.|last3=Santagata|first3=Sandro|last4=Jones|first4=Robert T.|last5=McKenna|first5=Aaron|last6=Getz|first6=Gad|last7=Ligon|first7=Keith L.|last8=Palescandolo|first8=Emanuele|last9=Van Hummelen|first9=Paul|date=2013-03|title=Genomic sequencing of meningiomas identifies oncogenic SMO and AKT1 mutations|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23334667|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=45|issue=3|pages=285–289|doi=10.1038/ng.2526|issn=1546-1718|pmc=3739288|pmid=23334667}}</ref>PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak S.|last2=Bi|first2=Wenya Linda|last3=Merrill|first3=Parker H.|last4=Gibson|first4=William J.|last5=Rose|first5=Matthew F.|last6=Du|first6=Ziming|last7=Francis|first7=Joshua M.|last8=Du|first8=Rose|last9=Dunn|first9=Ian F.|date=2015-06|title=ARID1A and TERT promoter mutations in dedifferentiated meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25963524|journal=Cancer Genetics|volume=208|issue=6|pages=345–350|doi=10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.03.005|issn=2210-7762|pmc=4882906|pmid=25963524}}</ref>PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55">{{Cite journal|last=Abedalthagafi|first=Malak|last2=Bi|first2=Wenya Linda|last3=Aizer|first3=Ayal A.|last4=Merrill|first4=Parker H.|last5=Brewster|first5=Ryan|last6=Agarwalla|first6=Pankaj K.|last7=Listewnik|first7=Marc L.|last8=Dias-Santagata|first8=Dora|last9=Thorner|first9=Aaron R.|date=2016-05|title=Oncogenic PI3K mutations are as common as AKT1 and SMO mutations in meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26826201|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=18|issue=5|pages=649–655|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nov316|issn=1523-5866|pmc=4827048|pmid=26826201}}</ref>PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56">{{Cite journal|last=Harmancı|first=Akdes Serin|last2=Youngblood|first2=Mark W.|last3=Clark|first3=Victoria E.|last4=Coşkun|first4=Süleyman|last5=Henegariu|first5=Octavian|last6=Duran|first6=Daniel|last7=Erson-Omay|first7=E. 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<ref name=":58">{{Cite journal|last=Büschges|first=Rainer|last2=Ichimura|first2=Koichi|last3=Weber|first3=Ruthild G.|last4=Reifenberger|first4=Guido|last5=Collins|first5=V. Peter|date=2002-04|title=Allelic gain and amplification on the long arm of chromosome 17 in anaplastic meningiomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11958368|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=2|pages=145–153|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00429.x|issn=1015-6305|pmid=11958368}}</ref>PMID:11958368; <ref name=":59">{{Cite journal|last=Domingues|first=Patrícia|last2=González-Tablas|first2=María|last3=Otero|first3=Álvaro|last4=Pascual|first4=Daniel|last5=Ruiz|first5=Laura|last6=Miranda|first6=David|last7=Sousa|first7=Pablo|last8=Gonçalves|first8=Jesús María|last9=Lopes|first9=María Celeste|date=2015-05-10|title=Genetic/molecular alterations of meningiomas and the signaling pathways targeted|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25965831|journal=Oncotarget|volume=6|issue=13|pages=10671–10688|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.3870|issn=1949-2553|pmc=4484411|pmid=25965831}}</ref>PMID:25965831; <ref name=":60">{{Cite journal|last=Domingues|first=Patrícia Henriques|last2=Sousa|first2=Pablo|last3=Otero|first3=Álvaro|last4=Gonçalves|first4=Jesus Maria|last5=Ruiz|first5=Laura|last6=de Oliveira|first6=Catarina|last7=Lopes|first7=Maria Celeste|last8=Orfao|first8=Alberto|last9=Tabernero|first9=Maria Dolores|date=2014-05|title=Proposal for a new risk stratification classification for meningioma based on patient age, WHO tumor grade, size, localization, and karyotype|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24536048|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=16|issue=5|pages=735–747|doi=10.1093/neuonc/not325|issn=1523-5866|pmc=3984558|pmid=24536048}}</ref>PMID:24536048; <ref name=":61">{{Cite journal|last=Linsler|first=Stefan|last2=Kraemer|first2=Dennis|last3=Driess|first3=Christina|last4=Oertel|first4=Joachim|last5=Kammers|first5=Kai|last6=Rahnenführer|first6=Jörg|last7=Ketter|first7=Ralf|last8=Urbschat|first8=Steffi|date=2014|title=Molecular biological determinations of meningioma progression and recurrence|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24722350|journal=PloS One|volume=9|issue=4|pages=e94987|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0094987|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3983248|pmid=24722350}}</ref>PMID:24722350 <ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last=Arslantas|first=Ali|last2=Artan|first2=Sevilhan|last3=Oner|first3=Ulkü|last4=Durmaz|first4=Ramazan|last5=Müslümanoglu|first5=Hamza|last6=Atasoy|first6=Metin Ant|last7=Başaran|first7=Nurettin|last8=Tel|first8=Eşref|date=2003-01|title=Detection of chromosomal imbalances in spinal meningiomas by comparative genomic hybridization|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12568317|journal=Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica|volume=43|issue=1|pages=12–18; discussion 19|doi=10.2176/nmc.43.12|issn=0470-8105|pmid=12568317}}</ref>PMID:12568317; <ref name=":63">{{Cite journal|last=Bi|first=Wenya Linda|last2=Abedalthagafi|first2=Malak|last3=Horowitz|first3=Peleg|last4=Agarwalla|first4=Pankaj K.|last5=Mei|first5=Yu|last6=Aizer|first6=Ayal A.|last7=Brewster|first7=Ryan|last8=Dunn|first8=Gavin P.|last9=Al-Mefty|first9=Ossama|date=2016-09|title=Genomic landscape of intracranial meningiomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26771848|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=125|issue=3|pages=525–535|doi=10.3171/2015.6.JNS15591|issn=1933-0693|pmid=26771848}}</ref>PMID:26771848; <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal|last=Bi|first=Wenya Linda|last2=Mei|first2=Yu|last3=Agarwalla|first3=Pankaj K.|last4=Beroukhim|first4=Rameen|last5=Dunn|first5=Ian F.|date=2016-04|title=Genomic and Epigenomic Landscape in Meningioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27012381|journal=Neurosurgery Clinics of North America|volume=27|issue=2|pages=167–179|doi=10.1016/j.nec.2015.11.009|issn=1558-1349|pmid=27012381}}</ref>PMID:27012381;  
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'''Mutation:''' NF2, CDKN2A/C, SMARCE1, SMARCB1, TERT  
 
'''Mutation:''' NF2, CDKN2A/C, SMARCE1, SMARCB1, TERT  
 
|Gain of 1q  is assocociated with a shorter PFS; Loss of 1p, 9p and 10 appear with greater frequency as tumor grade increases.
 
|Gain of 1q  is assocociated with a shorter PFS; Loss of 1p, 9p and 10 appear with greater frequency as tumor grade increases.
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49" />PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50" />PMID:20015288 <ref name=":50" />PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51" />PMID19918127; <ref name=":52" />PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53" />PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54" />PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55" />PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56" />PMID:28195122; <ref name=":57" />PMID:26323607; PMID:11958368; PMID:25965831; PMID:24536048; PMID:24722350 PMID:12568317; PMID:26771848; PMID:27012381; PMID:27480481; PMID:27624470; PMID:27624470 PMID:27458586; PMID:17225936
+
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49" />PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50" />PMID:20015288 <ref name=":50" />PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51" />PMID19918127; <ref name=":52" />PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53" />PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54" />PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55" />PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56" />PMID:28195122; <ref name=":57" />PMID:26323607; <ref name=":58" />PMID:11958368; <ref name=":59" />PMID:25965831; <ref name=":60" />PMID:24536048; <ref name=":61" />PMID:24722350 <ref name=":62" />PMID:12568317; <ref name=":63" />PMID:26771848; <ref name=":64" />PMID:27012381; <ref name=":65" />PMID:27480481; <ref name=":66" />PMID:27624470; <ref name=":67" />PMID:27458586; <ref name=":68" />PMID:17225936
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
Line 420: Line 420:  
'''Amplification:''' RPS6K in higher grades, 17q23
 
'''Amplification:''' RPS6K in higher grades, 17q23
 
|Loss of 9p and amplification or gain of 17q23  are more frequent than other abnormalities.  Gain of 1q  is assocociated with a shorter PFS; Loss of 1p, 9p and 10 appear with greater frequency as tumor grade increases.
 
|Loss of 9p and amplification or gain of 17q23  are more frequent than other abnormalities.  Gain of 1q  is assocociated with a shorter PFS; Loss of 1p, 9p and 10 appear with greater frequency as tumor grade increases.
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49" />PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50" />PMID:20015288 <ref name=":50" />PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51" />PMID19918127; <ref name=":52" />PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53" />PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54" />PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55" />PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56" />PMID:28195122; <ref name=":57" />PMID:26323607; PMID:11958368; PMID:25965831; PMID:24536048; PMID:24722350 PMID:12568317; PMID:26771848; PMID:27012381; PMID:27480481; PMID:27624470; PMID:27624470 PMID:27458586; PMID:17225936
+
|<ref name=":24" />PMID:23528542; <ref name=":49" />PMID:27575681; <ref name=":50" />PMID:20015288 <ref name=":50" />PMID:21988727; <ref name=":51" />PMID19918127; <ref name=":52" />PMID:25347344 <ref name=":53" />PMID:23334667; <ref name=":54" />PMID:25963524; <ref name=":55" />PMID:26826201 <ref name=":56" />PMID:28195122; <ref name=":57" />PMID:26323607; <ref name=":58" />PMID:11958368; <ref name=":59" />PMID:25965831; <ref name=":60" />PMID:24536048; <ref name=":61" />PMID:24722350 <ref name=":62" />PMID:12568317; <ref name=":63" />PMID:26771848; <ref name=":64" />PMID:27012381; <ref name=":65" />PMID:27480481; <ref name=":66" />PMID:27624470; <ref name=":67" />PMID:27458586; <ref name=":68" />PMID:17225936
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''EPENDYMOMA'''<br>
 
|'''EPENDYMOMA'''<br>
Line 476: Line 476:  
'''Fusion:''' RELA fusions, YAP1 fusions can correspond to anaplastic histology
 
'''Fusion:''' RELA fusions, YAP1 fusions can correspond to anaplastic histology
 
|Mostly intracranial tumors, rarely in spinal cord
 
|Mostly intracranial tumors, rarely in spinal cord
|<ref name=":16" />PMID: 25965575; PMID:27022130
+
|<ref name=":16" />PMID: 25965575; <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Jing|last2=Armstrong|first2=Terri S.|last3=Gilbert|first3=Mark R.|date=2016-07|title=Biology and management of ependymomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27022130|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=18|issue=7|pages=902–913|doi=10.1093/neuonc/now016|issn=1523-5866|pmc=4896548|pmid=27022130}}</ref>PMID:27022130
 
|}
 
|}
 
<references />
 
<references />