Changes

== Prognosis ==

== Prognosis ==

Loss of 14, loss of 9p, loss of 18q and highly complex genotype are associated with high risk histological features and adverse clinical outcome, also significantly associated with high risk histologic features: loss of 1p, 4p, 9q, 15q, 16q, 17p, 18p, 21q, 22q and gains of 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 17q  <ref>Wolff et al.</ref>.  

Loss of 14, loss of 9p, loss of 18q and highly complex genotype are associated with high risk histological features and adverse clinical outcome, also significantly associated with high risk histologic features: loss of 1p, 4p, 9q, 15q, 16q, 17p, 18p, 21q, 22q and gains of 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 17q   

 

<ref>Wolff et al.</ref>.  

Losses of 1p, 4p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 13q, 14q and 18q correlate with higher grade and/or stage of the tumors <ref>Zhang et al, Adv Bioinform, 2010</ref>; <ref>Wilhelm et al, Cancer res 2002; Moore et al, Oncogenesis, 2012</ref><ref>Arai et al, Clin Canc Res 2008</ref><ref>Gunawan et al. Cancer Res 2001</ref><ref>Monzon et al, Mod Path 2011</ref> and loss of 4, 9p and 14q have been reported as independent prognostic factors for survival in ccRCC<ref>Zhang 2010</ref><ref>Monzon 2011</ref><ref>Klatte 2009</ref><ref>Arai 2008</ref><ref>Alimov et al Int J Oncol 2004; Moch et al 1996</ref>

Losses of 1p, 4p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 13q, 14q and 18q correlate with higher grade and/or stage of the tumors <ref>Zhang et al, Adv Bioinform, 2010

</ref><ref>Wilhelm et al, Cancer res 2002; Moore et al, Oncogenesis, 2012</ref>

<ref>Arai et al, Clin Canc Res 2008</ref><ref>Gunawan et al. Cancer Res 2001</ref>

<ref>Monzon et al, Mod Path 2011</ref>  

and loss of 4, 9p and 14q have been reported as independent prognostic factors for survival in ccRCC<ref>Zhang 2010</ref><ref>Monzon 2011</ref><ref>Klatte 2009</ref><ref>Arai 2008</ref><ref>Alimov et al Int J Oncol 2004; Moch et al 1996</ref>

== Therapeutics ==

== Therapeutics ==