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Loss of 14, loss of 9p, loss of 18q and highly complex genotype are associated with high risk histological features and adverse clinical outcome, also significantly associated with high risk histologic features: loss of 1p, 4p, 9q, 15q, 16q, 17p, 18p, 21q, 22q and gains of 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 17q   
 
Loss of 14, loss of 9p, loss of 18q and highly complex genotype are associated with high risk histological features and adverse clinical outcome, also significantly associated with high risk histologic features: loss of 1p, 4p, 9q, 15q, 16q, 17p, 18p, 21q, 22q and gains of 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 17q   
 
<ref>Wolff et al.</ref>.  
 
<ref>Wolff et al.</ref>.  
Losses of 1p, 4p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 13q, 14q and 18q correlate with higher grade and/or stage of the tumors <ref>Zhang et al, Adv Bioinform, 2010
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Losses of 1p, 4p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 13q, 14q and 18q correlate with higher grade and/or stage of the tumors <ref name=zhang>Zhang, Zhongfa, Bill Wondergem, and Karl Dykema. "A Comprehensive Study of Progressive Cytogenetic Alterations in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and a New Model for CcRCC Tumorigenesis and Progression." Advances in Bioinformatics 2010 (2010): 14.</ref><ref>Wilhelm et al, Cancer res 2002</ref><ref>Moore LE, Jaeger E, Nickerson ML, Brennan P, De Vries S, Roy R, et al. Genomic copy number alterations in clear cell renal carcinoma: associations with case characteristics and mechanisms of VHL gene inactivation. Oncogenesis. 2012;1 doi: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.14.</ref><ref name=arai>Arai, Eri, Saori Ushijima, Hitoshi Tsuda, Hiroyuki Fujimoto, Fumie Hosoda, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Tadashi Kondo, Issei Imoto, Johji Inazawa, Setsuo Hirohashi, and Yae Kanai. "Genetic Clustering of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on Array-comparative Genomic Hybridization: Its Association with DNA Methylation Alteration and Patient Outcome." Clinical Cancer Research : An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 14.17 (2008): 5531-9.</ref><ref>Gunawan, Huber, Holtrup, Von Heydebreck, Efferth, Poustka, Ringert, Jakse, and Füzesi. "Prognostic Impacts of Cytogenetic Findings in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gain of 5q31-qter Predicts a Distinct Clinical Phenotype with Favorable Prognosis." Cancer Research 61.21 (2001): 7731-8.</ref><ref name=monzon>Monzon, Federico A, Karla Alvarez, Lief Peterson, Luan Truong, Robert J Amato, Joan Hernandez-Mcclain, Nizar Tannir, Anil V Parwani, and Eric Jonasch. "Chromosome 14q Loss Defines a Molecular Subtype of Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Poor Prognosis." Modern Pathology : An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 24.11 (2011): 1470-9.</ref> and loss of 4, 9p and 14q have been reported as independent prognostic factors for survival in ccRCC<ref name=zhang></ref><ref name=monzon></ref><ref>Klatte 2009</ref><ref name=arai></ref><ref>Alimov et al Int J Oncol 2004; Moch et al 1996</ref>
</ref><ref>Wilhelm et al, Cancer res 2002</ref><ref>Moore LE, Jaeger E, Nickerson ML, Brennan P, De Vries S, Roy R, et al. Genomic copy number alterations in clear cell renal carcinoma: associations with case characteristics and mechanisms of VHL gene inactivation. Oncogenesis. 2012;1 doi: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.14.</ref><ref name=arai>Arai, Eri, Saori Ushijima, Hitoshi Tsuda, Hiroyuki Fujimoto, Fumie Hosoda, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Tadashi Kondo, Issei Imoto, Johji Inazawa, Setsuo Hirohashi, and Yae Kanai. "Genetic Clustering of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on Array-comparative Genomic Hybridization: Its Association with DNA Methylation Alteration and Patient Outcome." Clinical Cancer Research : An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 14.17 (2008): 5531-9.</ref><ref>Gunawan, Huber, Holtrup, Von Heydebreck, Efferth, Poustka, Ringert, Jakse, and Füzesi. "Prognostic Impacts of Cytogenetic Findings in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gain of 5q31-qter Predicts a Distinct Clinical Phenotype with Favorable Prognosis." Cancer Research 61.21 (2001): 7731-8.</ref><ref name=monzon>Monzon, Federico A, Karla Alvarez, Lief Peterson, Luan Truong, Robert J Amato, Joan Hernandez-Mcclain, Nizar Tannir, Anil V Parwani, and Eric Jonasch. "Chromosome 14q Loss Defines a Molecular Subtype of Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Poor Prognosis." Modern Pathology : An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 24.11 (2011): 1470-9.</ref> and loss of 4, 9p and 14q have been reported as independent prognostic factors for survival in ccRCC<ref>Zhang 2010</ref><ref name=monzon></ref><ref>Klatte 2009</ref><ref name=arai></ref><ref>Alimov et al Int J Oncol 2004; Moch et al 1996</ref>
      
== Therapeutics ==
 
== Therapeutics ==