Primary Author(s)*
Brian Davis PhD
Synonyms
"Promyelocytic Leukemia"; "Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 19"; TRIM19; "RING Finger Protein 71"; RNF71; MYL
Genomic Location
Cytoband: 15q24.1
Genomic Coordinates:
chr15:74,287,014-74,340,160(GRCh37/hg19)
chr15:73,994,673-74,047,819(GRCh38/hg38)
Cancer Category/Type
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Related Precursor Neoplasms
---Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) with PML-RARA
Based on the early French-American-British (FAB) classification, Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL) is one of the subtypes (M3) of Acute Myeloid Leukemia AML [1]. The PML-RARA fusion is reportedly found in 5-15% of AML and occurs at any age but predominantly in adults in mid-life [1,2]. RARA fusion proteins behave as potent transcriptional repressors of retinoic acid signaling, inducing a differentiation blockage at the promyelocyte stage which can be overcome with therapeutic doses of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide [1,2,3,4]. ATO (arsenic trioxide) also induces differentiation of the malignant myeloid clone by dissociating the PML/RAR-alpha-RXR complex from the target genes and was found to have a synergistic action with ATRA [3].
Gene Overview
The PML gene encodes a protein which functions via its association with nuclear bodies (NBs) in a wide range of important cellular processes including tumor suppression, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, senescence, DNA damage response, and viral defense mechanisms. The protein acts as the scaffold for NBs, allowing other proteins to shuttle in and out. Some of the Pml proteins diverse actions include: activating RB1, inhibiting AKT1, negatively affecings the PI3K pathway by inhibiting MTOR and activating PTEN, and positively regulates p53/TP53.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a subtype of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) that is almost entirely caused by the t(15;17)q22;q11) translocation resulting in the PML-RARA fusion gene. Unlike the normal retinoic acid receptor, the Pml-Rara protein does not respond to the ligand signal to induce transcription of genes, so the genes remain repressed, ultimately resulting in the inhibition of gene expression for hematopoietic differentiation and the maturation arrest of hematopoietic progenitors at the promyelocyte stage. In addition, while the normal PML protein blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis in combination with other proteins, the Pml-Rara protein acts as a dominant repressor of the normal PML protein [4].
Common Alteration Types
The translocation involving PML and RARA is found in more than 90% of APL cases.
| Copy Number Loss | Copy Number Gain | LOH | Loss-of-Function Mutation | Gain-of-Function Mutation | Translocation/Fusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X |
Internal Pages
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) with PML-RARA
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Related Precursor Neoplasms
External Links
PML by Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology - detailed gene information
PML by COSMIC - sequence information, expression, catalogue of mutations
PML-RARA by CIViC - general knowledge and evidence-based variant specific information
PML by St. Jude ProteinPaint mutational landscape and matched expression data.
PML by Precision Medicine Knowledgebase (Weill Cornell) - manually vetted interpretations of variants and CNVs
PML by Cancer Index - gene, pathway, publication information matched to cancer type
PML by My Cancer Genome - brief gene overview
PML by UniProt - protein and molecular structure and function
PML by Pfam - gene and protein structure and function information
PML by GeneCards - general gene information and summaries
PML by NCBI Gene - general gene information and summaries
PML by OMIM - compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes
PML by LOVD(3) - Leiden Open Variation Database
PML by TICdb - database of Translocation breakpoints In Cancer
References
1. Arber DA, et al., (2017). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. Revised 4th Edition. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p134-136.
2. Hsu, K.S. and Kao, H.Y. (2018). PML: Regulation and multifaceted function beyond tumor suppression. Cell. Bioscience 8: 5, PMID 29416846. DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0204-8.
3. Cingam, S. R. and Koshy, N.V. (2017). Cancer, Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute (APL, APML). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459352/
4. Schafer ES, et al., (2015). Molecular Genetics of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, 4th edition. Mendelsohn, J, Howley, PM, Israel, MA, Gray, JW, Thompson, CB. Editors. Elsevier Press: Philadelphia, USA, p395-406.
5. Ng CH and Chng WJ (2017). Recent advances in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. F1000Res 6:1273, PMID 28794865. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10736.1.
Notes
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