Difference between revisions of "Giant cell glioblastoma"
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*No evidence of a precursor lesion <ref name=":0" /> | *No evidence of a precursor lesion <ref name=":0" /> | ||
*Presenting symptoms similar to IDH-wt glioblastoma | *Presenting symptoms similar to IDH-wt glioblastoma | ||
| − | *Radiographically and grossly circumscribed borders, may be mistaken for other neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Ryan|last2=Matthys|first2=Samuel|last3=Heymann|first3=John|last4=Gelman|first4=Benjamin|date=2018|title=Imaging findings in the progression of a giant cell glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30128062|journal=Radiology Case Reports|volume=13|issue=5|pages=1007–1011|doi=10.1016/j.radcr.2018.07.010|issn=1930-0433|pmc=6097408|pmid=30128062}}</ref> | + | *Radiographically and grossly circumscribed borders, may be mistaken for other neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Ryan|last2=Matthys|first2=Samuel|last3=Heymann|first3=John|last4=Gelman|first4=Benjamin|date=2018|title=Imaging findings in the progression of a giant cell glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30128062|journal=Radiology Case Reports|volume=13|issue=5|pages=1007–1011|doi=10.1016/j.radcr.2018.07.010|issn=1930-0433|pmc=6097408|pmid=30128062}}</ref> |
==Sites of Involvement== | ==Sites of Involvement== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Finding!!Marker | !Finding!!Marker | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Positive (by definition) | ||
| + | |IDH-1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Positive (variable level)||GFAP <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Katoh|first=M.|last2=Aida|first2=T.|last3=Sugimoto|first3=S.|last4=Suwamura|first4=Y.|last5=Abe|first5=H.|last6=Isu|first6=T.|last7=Kaneko|first7=S.|last8=Mitsumori|first8=K.|last9=Kojima|first9=H.|date=1995|title=Immunohistochemical analysis of giant cell glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7550996|journal=Pathology International|volume=45|issue=4|pages=275–282|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03456.x|issn=1320-5463|pmid=7550996}}</ref> | |Positive (variable level)||GFAP <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Katoh|first=M.|last2=Aida|first2=T.|last3=Sugimoto|first3=S.|last4=Suwamura|first4=Y.|last5=Abe|first5=H.|last6=Isu|first6=T.|last7=Kaneko|first7=S.|last8=Mitsumori|first8=K.|last9=Kojima|first9=H.|date=1995|title=Immunohistochemical analysis of giant cell glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7550996|journal=Pathology International|volume=45|issue=4|pages=275–282|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03456.x|issn=1320-5463|pmid=7550996}}</ref> | ||
| Line 56: | Line 59: | ||
|Positive (Majority)||P53 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peraud|first=A.|last2=Watanabe|first2=K.|last3=Plate|first3=K. H.|last4=Yonekawa|first4=Y.|last5=Kleihues|first5=P.|last6=Ohgaki|first6=H.|date=1997|title=p53 mutations versus EGF receptor expression in giant cell glioblastomas|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9370234|journal=Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology|volume=56|issue=11|pages=1236–1241|doi=10.1097/00005072-199711000-00008|issn=0022-3069|pmid=9370234}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> | |Positive (Majority)||P53 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peraud|first=A.|last2=Watanabe|first2=K.|last3=Plate|first3=K. H.|last4=Yonekawa|first4=Y.|last5=Kleihues|first5=P.|last6=Ohgaki|first6=H.|date=1997|title=p53 mutations versus EGF receptor expression in giant cell glioblastomas|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9370234|journal=Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology|volume=56|issue=11|pages=1236–1241|doi=10.1097/00005072-199711000-00008|issn=0022-3069|pmid=9370234}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |Negative (nearly universal)||Neuronal Antigens <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martinez-Diaz|first=Hilda|last2=Kleinschmidt-DeMasters|first2=B. K.|last3=Powell|first3=Suzanne Z.|last4=Yachnis|first4=Anthony T.|date=2003|title=Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma show different immunohistochemical profiles for neuronal antigens and p53 but share reactivity for class III beta-tubulin|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12946225|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=127|issue=9|pages=1187–1191|doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2003)1272.0.CO;2|issn=1543-2165|pmid=12946225}}</ref> | + | |Negative (nearly universal)||Neuronal Antigens <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez-Diaz|first=Hilda|last2=Kleinschmidt-DeMasters|first2=B. K.|last3=Powell|first3=Suzanne Z.|last4=Yachnis|first4=Anthony T.|date=2003|title=Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma show different immunohistochemical profiles for neuronal antigens and p53 but share reactivity for class III beta-tubulin|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12946225|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=127|issue=9|pages=1187–1191|doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2003)1272.0.CO;2|issn=1543-2165|pmid=12946225}}</ref> |
|} | |} | ||
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==Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH== | ==Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH== | ||
| − | * Near haploidization may be a primary oncogenic event underlying a subset of GCG's <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bigner|first=S. H.|last2=Mark|first2=J.|last3=Schold|first3=S. C.|last4=Eng|first4=L. F.|last5=Bigner|first5=D. D.|date=1985|title=A serially transplantable human giant cell glioblastoma that maintains a near-haploid stem line|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3840409|journal=Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=141–153|doi=10.1016/0165-4608(85)90064-0|issn=0165-4608|pmid=3840409}}</ref> | + | *Near haploidization may be a primary oncogenic event underlying a subset of GCG's <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bigner|first=S. H.|last2=Mark|first2=J.|last3=Schold|first3=S. C.|last4=Eng|first4=L. F.|last5=Bigner|first5=D. D.|date=1985|title=A serially transplantable human giant cell glioblastoma that maintains a near-haploid stem line|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3840409|journal=Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=141–153|doi=10.1016/0165-4608(85)90064-0|issn=0165-4608|pmid=3840409}}</ref> |
| − | ** Recurrent loss of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22 | + | **Recurrent loss of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22 |
| − | ** Typically have gains or retain heterozygosity of chromosome 7 | + | **Typically have gains or retain heterozygosity of chromosome 7 |
| − | * Similar genomic findings have been described in other oncocytic tumors <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Ganly|first=Ian|last2=Makarov|first2=Vladimir|last3=Deraje|first3=Shyamprasad|last4=Dong|first4=YiYu|last5=Reznik|first5=Ed|last6=Seshan|first6=Venkatraman|last7=Nanjangud|first7=Gouri|last8=Eng|first8=Stephanie|last9=Bose|first9=Promita|date=2018|title=Integrated Genomic Analysis of Hürthle Cell Cancer Reveals Oncogenic Drivers, Recurrent Mitochondrial Mutations, and Unique Chromosomal Landscapes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107176|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=34|issue=2|pages=256–270.e5|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.07.002|issn=1878-3686|pmc=6247912|pmid=30107176}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corver|first=Willem E.|last2=Ruano|first2=Dina|last3=Weijers|first3=Karin|last4=den Hartog|first4=Wietske C. E.|last5=van Nieuwenhuizen|first5=Merlijn P.|last6=de Miranda|first6=Noel|last7=van Eijk|first7=Ronald|last8=Middeldorp|first8=Anneke|last9=Jordanova|first9=Ekaterina S.|date=2012|title=Genome haploidisation with chromosome 7 retention in oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675538|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e38287|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038287|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3365880|pmid=22675538}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corver|first=Willem E.|last2=van Wezel|first2=Tom|last3=Molenaar|first3=Kees|last4=Schrumpf|first4=Melanie|last5=van den Akker|first5=Brendy|last6=van Eijk|first6=Ronald|last7=Ruano Neto|first7=Dina|last8=Oosting|first8=Jan|last9=Morreau|first9=Hans|date=2014|title=Near-haploidization significantly associates with oncocytic adrenocortical, thyroid, and parathyroid tumors but not with mitochondrial DNA mutations|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909752|journal=Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer|volume=53|issue=10|pages=833–844|doi=10.1002/gcc.22194|issn=1098-2264|pmid=24909752}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=Raj K.|last2=Kübler|first2=Kirsten|last3=Calvo|first3=Sarah E.|last4=Polak|first4=Paz|last5=Livitz|first5=Dimitri|last6=Rosebrock|first6=Daniel|last7=Sadow|first7=Peter M.|last8=Campbell|first8=Braidie|last9=Donovan|first9=Samuel E.|date=2018|title=Widespread Chromosomal Losses and Mitochondrial DNA Alterations as Genetic Drivers in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107175|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=34|issue=2|pages=242–255.e5|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.013|issn=1878-3686|pmc=6121811|pmid=30107175}}</ref> | + | *Similar genomic findings have been described in other oncocytic tumors <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Ganly|first=Ian|last2=Makarov|first2=Vladimir|last3=Deraje|first3=Shyamprasad|last4=Dong|first4=YiYu|last5=Reznik|first5=Ed|last6=Seshan|first6=Venkatraman|last7=Nanjangud|first7=Gouri|last8=Eng|first8=Stephanie|last9=Bose|first9=Promita|date=2018|title=Integrated Genomic Analysis of Hürthle Cell Cancer Reveals Oncogenic Drivers, Recurrent Mitochondrial Mutations, and Unique Chromosomal Landscapes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107176|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=34|issue=2|pages=256–270.e5|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.07.002|issn=1878-3686|pmc=6247912|pmid=30107176}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corver|first=Willem E.|last2=Ruano|first2=Dina|last3=Weijers|first3=Karin|last4=den Hartog|first4=Wietske C. E.|last5=van Nieuwenhuizen|first5=Merlijn P.|last6=de Miranda|first6=Noel|last7=van Eijk|first7=Ronald|last8=Middeldorp|first8=Anneke|last9=Jordanova|first9=Ekaterina S.|date=2012|title=Genome haploidisation with chromosome 7 retention in oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675538|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e38287|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038287|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3365880|pmid=22675538}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corver|first=Willem E.|last2=van Wezel|first2=Tom|last3=Molenaar|first3=Kees|last4=Schrumpf|first4=Melanie|last5=van den Akker|first5=Brendy|last6=van Eijk|first6=Ronald|last7=Ruano Neto|first7=Dina|last8=Oosting|first8=Jan|last9=Morreau|first9=Hans|date=2014|title=Near-haploidization significantly associates with oncocytic adrenocortical, thyroid, and parathyroid tumors but not with mitochondrial DNA mutations|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909752|journal=Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer|volume=53|issue=10|pages=833–844|doi=10.1002/gcc.22194|issn=1098-2264|pmid=24909752}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=Raj K.|last2=Kübler|first2=Kirsten|last3=Calvo|first3=Sarah E.|last4=Polak|first4=Paz|last5=Livitz|first5=Dimitri|last6=Rosebrock|first6=Daniel|last7=Sadow|first7=Peter M.|last8=Campbell|first8=Braidie|last9=Donovan|first9=Samuel E.|date=2018|title=Widespread Chromosomal Losses and Mitochondrial DNA Alterations as Genetic Drivers in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107175|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=34|issue=2|pages=242–255.e5|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.013|issn=1878-3686|pmc=6121811|pmid=30107175}}</ref> |
| − | * Oncogenenesis in such cases may be related to widespread loss of tumor suppressors in a catastrophic reduplication event early in tumorigenesis <ref name=":4" /> | + | *Oncogenenesis in such cases may be related to widespread loss of tumor suppressors in a catastrophic reduplication event early in tumorigenesis <ref name=":4" /> |
==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)== | ==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)== | ||
| Line 100: | Line 103: | ||
|33% <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Ji Eun|last2=Ohta|first2=Takashi|last3=Nonoguchi|first3=Naosuke|last4=Satomi|first4=Kaishi|last5=Capper|first5=David|last6=Pierscianek|first6=Daniela|last7=Sure|first7=Ulrich|last8=Vital|first8=Anne|last9=Paulus|first9=Werner|date=2016|title=Genetic Alterations in Gliosarcoma and Giant Cell Glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26443480|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=26|issue=4|pages=517–522|doi=10.1111/bpa.12328|issn=1750-3639|pmid=26443480}}</ref> | |33% <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Ji Eun|last2=Ohta|first2=Takashi|last3=Nonoguchi|first3=Naosuke|last4=Satomi|first4=Kaishi|last5=Capper|first5=David|last6=Pierscianek|first6=Daniela|last7=Sure|first7=Ulrich|last8=Vital|first8=Anne|last9=Paulus|first9=Werner|date=2016|title=Genetic Alterations in Gliosarcoma and Giant Cell Glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26443480|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=26|issue=4|pages=517–522|doi=10.1111/bpa.12328|issn=1750-3639|pmid=26443480}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |ATRX | + | |ATRX |
| | | | ||
|Tumor Suppressor | |Tumor Suppressor | ||
| Line 133: | Line 136: | ||
==Epigenomics (Methylation)== | ==Epigenomics (Methylation)== | ||
| − | + | * MGMT promoter methylation may help predict response to alkylating chemotherapy <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hegi|first=Monika E.|last2=Diserens|first2=Annie-Claire|last3=Gorlia|first3=Thierry|last4=Hamou|first4=Marie-France|last5=de Tribolet|first5=Nicolas|last6=Weller|first6=Michael|last7=Kros|first7=Johan M.|last8=Hainfellner|first8=Johannes A.|last9=Mason|first9=Warren|date=2005|title=MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=10|pages=997–1003|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043331|issn=1533-4406|pmid=15758010}}</ref> | |
==Genes and Main Pathways Involved== | ==Genes and Main Pathways Involved== | ||
| Line 141: | Line 144: | ||
==Diagnostic Testing Methods== | ==Diagnostic Testing Methods== | ||
| − | + | * Diagnosis typically made based on morphology with immunohistochemical staining | |
| + | ** GCG are typically distinguished from pleomorphic xanthastrocytoma by their lack of neuronal immunoreactivity <ref name=":7" /> | ||
| + | * Genomic testing for 1p/19q codeletion may help distinguish from oligodendroma | ||
==Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications)== | ==Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications)== | ||
| − | + | * GCG's have a poor prognosis, but may have better outcome than conventional IDH-wt GB <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burger|first=P. C.|last2=Vollmer|first2=R. T.|date=1980|title=Histologic factors of prognostic significance in the glioblastoma multiforme|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6260329|journal=Cancer|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1179–1186|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19800901)46:53.0.co;2-0|issn=0008-543X|pmid=6260329}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=M. C.|last2=Kubo|first2=O.|last3=Tajika|first3=Y.|last4=Takakura|first4=K.|date=1996|title=A clinico-immunohistochemical study of giant cell glioblastoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8916121|journal=Noshuyo Byori = Brain Tumor Pathology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=11–16|issn=0914-8108|pmid=8916121}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Taemin|last2=Rutkowski|first2=Martin J.|last3=Safaee|first3=Michael|last4=Sun|first4=Matthew Z.|last5=Sayegh|first5=Eli T.|last6=Bloch|first6=Orin|last7=Tihan|first7=Tarik|last8=Parsa|first8=Andrew T.|date=2014|title=Survival outcomes of giant cell glioblastoma: institutional experience in the management of 20 patients|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037316|journal=Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia|volume=21|issue=12|pages=2129–2134|doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2014.04.011|issn=1532-2653|pmid=25037316}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> | |
| + | * Median survival 13.5 months vs 9.8 for conventional IDH-wt GB <ref name=":1" /> | ||
| + | * May be better circumscribed than conventional IDH-wt GB, making these lesions risky for radiographic misdiagnosis and delayed therapy <ref name=":6" /> | ||
==Familial Forms== | ==Familial Forms== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:58, 13 April 2020
Primary Author(s)*
Jay Alden, DO
Cancer Category/Type
- Diffuse astrocytic and olidodendroglial tumors
Cancer Sub-Classification / Subtype
Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (IDH-wt)
Definition / Description of Disease
- Rare histologic variant of IDH-wt glioblastoma [1]
- Large, multinucleate giant cells with occasional abundant reticuln network [1]
Synonyms / Terminology
Epidemiology / Prevalence
- Constitute <1% of glioblastomas [2]
- May be more common in pediatric population [3]
- Mean age 51 years [3]
Clinical Features
- No evidence of a precursor lesion [1]
- Presenting symptoms similar to IDH-wt glioblastoma
- Radiographically and grossly circumscribed borders, may be mistaken for other neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions [4]
Sites of Involvement
Morphologic Features
- Bizarre, multi-nucleate giant cells with atypical mitotic figures [5]
- Cells may contain numerous nuclei [1]
- Palisading and ischemic necrosis [1]
- Pseudo-rosette like perivascular tumor cell concentration [1]
Immunophenotype
| Finding | Marker |
|---|---|
| Positive (by definition) | IDH-1 |
| Positive (variable level) | GFAP [6] |
| Positive (Majority) | P53 [7] [6] |
| Negative (nearly universal) | Neuronal Antigens [8] |
Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
Put your text here and/or fill in the table
| Chromosomal Rearrangement | Genes in Fusion (5’ or 3’ Segments) | Pathogenic Derivative | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|
| EXAMPLE t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) | EXAMPLE 3'ABL1 / 5'BCR | EXAMPLE der(22) | EXAMPLE 5% |
| EXAMPLE t(8;21)(q22;q22) | EXAMPLE 5'RUNX1 / 3'RUNXT1 | EXAMPLE der(8) | EXAMPLE 5% |
Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns
Put your text here
Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
- Near haploidization may be a primary oncogenic event underlying a subset of GCG's [9]
- Recurrent loss of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22
- Typically have gains or retain heterozygosity of chromosome 7
- Similar genomic findings have been described in other oncocytic tumors [10] [11] [12] [13]
- Oncogenenesis in such cases may be related to widespread loss of tumor suppressors in a catastrophic reduplication event early in tumorigenesis [10]
Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)
Put your text here and/or fill in the tables
| Gene | Mutation | Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor/Other | Presumed Mechanism (LOF/GOF/Other; Driver/Passenger) | Prevalence (COSMIC/TCGA/Other) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TP53 | Tumor Suppressor | 75-90% [14] | ||
| PTEN | Tumor Suppressor | 33% [15] | ||
| ATRX | Tumor Suppressor | Expression loss | 19% [15] | |
| TERT | Telomerase | 25% [15] | ||
| EGFR | Oncogene | Amplification | 6% [15] |
Other Mutations
| Type | Gene/Region/Other |
|---|---|
| Concomitant Mutations | EXAMPLE IDH1 R123H |
| Secondary Mutations | EXAMPLE Trisomy 7 |
| Mutually Exclusive | EXAMPLE EGFR Amplification |
Epigenomics (Methylation)
- MGMT promoter methylation may help predict response to alkylating chemotherapy [16]
Genes and Main Pathways Involved
Put your text here
Diagnostic Testing Methods
- Diagnosis typically made based on morphology with immunohistochemical staining
- GCG are typically distinguished from pleomorphic xanthastrocytoma by their lack of neuronal immunoreactivity [8]
- Genomic testing for 1p/19q codeletion may help distinguish from oligodendroma
Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications)
- GCG's have a poor prognosis, but may have better outcome than conventional IDH-wt GB [17] [18] [3] [19] [2]
- Median survival 13.5 months vs 9.8 for conventional IDH-wt GB [2]
- May be better circumscribed than conventional IDH-wt GB, making these lesions risky for radiographic misdiagnosis and delayed therapy [4]
Familial Forms
Put your text here
Other Information
Put your text here
Links
Put your links here
Notes
References
*Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the CCGA coordinators (contact information provided on the homepage). Additional global feedback or concerns are also welcome.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 4th ed, Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (Eds), IARC, Lyon 2016. Pg 46-47
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ortega, Alicia; et al. (2014). "Treatment and survival of patients harboring histological variants of glioblastoma". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 21 (10): 1709–1713. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2014.05.003. ISSN 1532-2653. PMID 24980627.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kozak, Kevin R.; et al. (2009). "Giant cell glioblastoma: a glioblastoma subtype with distinct epidemiology and superior prognosis". Neuro-Oncology. 11 (6): 833–841. doi:10.1215/15228517-2008-123. ISSN 1523-5866. PMC 2802403. PMID 19332771.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Turner, Ryan; et al. (2018). "Imaging findings in the progression of a giant cell glioblastoma". Radiology Case Reports. 13 (5): 1007–1011. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2018.07.010. ISSN 1930-0433. PMC 6097408. PMID 30128062.
- ↑ Margetts, J. C.; et al. (1989). "Giant-celled glioblastoma of brain. A clinico-pathological and radiological study of ten cases (including immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure)". Cancer. 63 (3): 524–531. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890201)63:33.0.co;2-d. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 2912529.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Katoh, M.; et al. (1995). "Immunohistochemical analysis of giant cell glioblastoma". Pathology International. 45 (4): 275–282. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03456.x. ISSN 1320-5463. PMID 7550996.
- ↑ Peraud, A.; et al. (1997). "p53 mutations versus EGF receptor expression in giant cell glioblastomas". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 56 (11): 1236–1241. doi:10.1097/00005072-199711000-00008. ISSN 0022-3069. PMID 9370234.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Martinez-Diaz, Hilda; et al. (2003). "Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma show different immunohistochemical profiles for neuronal antigens and p53 but share reactivity for class III beta-tubulin". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 127 (9): 1187–1191. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2003)1272.0.CO;2. ISSN 1543-2165. PMID 12946225.
- ↑ Bigner, S. H.; et al. (1985). "A serially transplantable human giant cell glioblastoma that maintains a near-haploid stem line". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 18 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1016/0165-4608(85)90064-0. ISSN 0165-4608. PMID 3840409.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ganly, Ian; et al. (2018). "Integrated Genomic Analysis of Hürthle Cell Cancer Reveals Oncogenic Drivers, Recurrent Mitochondrial Mutations, and Unique Chromosomal Landscapes". Cancer Cell. 34 (2): 256–270.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.07.002. ISSN 1878-3686. PMC 6247912. PMID 30107176.
- ↑ Corver, Willem E.; et al. (2012). "Genome haploidisation with chromosome 7 retention in oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma". PloS One. 7 (6): e38287. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038287. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3365880. PMID 22675538.
- ↑ Corver, Willem E.; et al. (2014). "Near-haploidization significantly associates with oncocytic adrenocortical, thyroid, and parathyroid tumors but not with mitochondrial DNA mutations". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 53 (10): 833–844. doi:10.1002/gcc.22194. ISSN 1098-2264. PMID 24909752.
- ↑ Gopal, Raj K.; et al. (2018). "Widespread Chromosomal Losses and Mitochondrial DNA Alterations as Genetic Drivers in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma". Cancer Cell. 34 (2): 242–255.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.013. ISSN 1878-3686. PMC 6121811. PMID 30107175.
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- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Oh, Ji Eun; et al. (2016). "Genetic Alterations in Gliosarcoma and Giant Cell Glioblastoma". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 26 (4): 517–522. doi:10.1111/bpa.12328. ISSN 1750-3639. PMID 26443480.
- ↑ Hegi, Monika E.; et al. (2005). "MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (10): 997–1003. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043331. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 15758010.
- ↑ Burger, P. C.; et al. (1980). "Histologic factors of prognostic significance in the glioblastoma multiforme". Cancer. 46 (5): 1179–1186. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800901)46:53.0.co;2-0. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 6260329.
- ↑ Huang, M. C.; et al. (1996). "A clinico-immunohistochemical study of giant cell glioblastoma". Noshuyo Byori = Brain Tumor Pathology. 13 (1): 11–16. ISSN 0914-8108. PMID 8916121.
- ↑ Oh, Taemin; et al. (2014). "Survival outcomes of giant cell glioblastoma: institutional experience in the management of 20 patients". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 21 (12): 2129–2134. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2014.04.011. ISSN 1532-2653. PMID 25037316.