PML

Primary Author(s)*

Brian Davis PhD

Synonyms

"Promyelocytic Leukemia"; "Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 19"; TRIM19; "RING Finger Protein 71"; RNF71; MYL

Genomic Location

Cytoband: 15q24.1

Genomic Coordinates:

chr15:74,287,014-74,340,160(GRCh37/hg19)

chr15:73,994,673-74,047,819(GRCh38/hg38)

Cancer Category/Type

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a relatively rare and comprises about 7% to 8% of adult AML cases. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is usually seen in middle-aged people with a median age of 47 years. Acute promyelocytic leukemia occurs very rarely before the age of 20. [3].

(90% to 95%) of the cases, APL results from a t (15;17) (q22;q21) translocation resulting in the head to tail fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene, to RAR-alpha to generate two fusion genes, PML-RARalpha and a reciprocal RAR-alpha-PML (80%) that encode a protein, which functions as an aberrant retinoid receptor [3]. Responsive to retinoid treatment

The PML/RARa protein heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the resulting PML/RARa-RXR complex binds to retinoic acid-responsive elements in target genes, resulting in cessation of myeloid differentiation at the promyelocytic stage. The excessive promyelocytes [3].

Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a medical emergency with a very high pre-treatment mortality. All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is the mainstay in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and used in all modern regimens. [3]

ATO (arsenic trioxide) also induces differentiation of the malignant myeloid clone by dissociating the PML/RAR-alpha-RXR complex from the target genes and found to have a synergistic action with ATRA.[3].

Gene Overview

localizes to nuclear bodies where it functions as a transcription factor and tumor suppressor. Its expression is cell-cycle related and it regulates the p53 response to oncogenic signals. The gene is often involved in the translocation with the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

Common Alteration Types

Put your text here and/or fill in the table with an X where applicable

Copy Number Loss	Copy Number Gain	LOH	Loss-of-Function Mutation	Gain-of-Function Mutation	Translocation/Fusion
EXAMPLE: X	EXAMPLE: X	EXAMPLE: X	EXAMPLE: X	EXAMPLE: X	EXAMPLE: X

Internal Pages

Put your text here

EXAMPLE Germline Cancer Predisposition Genes

External Links

Put your text here - Include as applicable links to: 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology, 2) COSMIC, 3) CIViC, 4) St. Jude ProteinPaint, 5) Precision Medicine Knnowledgebase (Weill Cornell), 6) Cancer Index, 7) OncoKB, 8) My Cancer Genome, 9) UniProt, 10) Pfam, 11) GeneCards, 12) GeneReviews, and 13) Any gene-specific databases.

EXAMPLES

PML by Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology - detailed gene information

PML by COSMIC - sequence information, expression, catalogue of mutations

PML-RARA by CIViC - general knowledge and evidence-based variant specific information

PML by St. Jude ProteinPaint mutational landscape and matched expression data.

PML by Precision Medicine Knowledgebase (Weill Cornell) - manually vetted interpretations of variants and CNVs

PML by Cancer Index - gene, pathway, publication information matched to cancer type

PML by My Cancer Genome - brief gene overview

PML by UniProt - protein and molecular structure and function

PML by Pfam - gene and protein structure and function information

PML by GeneCards - general gene information and summaries

"PML" by NCBI Gene - general gene information and summaries

References

1. Arber DA, et al., (2008). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p117-118.

2. Hsu, K.S. and Kao, H.Y. (2018). PML: Regulation and multifaceted function beyond tumor suppression. Cell. Bioscience 8: 5. PMID 29416846 PMCID: PMC5785837 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0204-8.

3. Cingam, S. R. and Koshy, N.V. (2017). Cancer, Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute (APL, APML). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459352/

Notes

*Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the CCGA coordinators (contact information provided on the homepage). Additional global feedback or concerns are also welcome.